collapseos/apps/zasm/README.md

z80 assembler

This is probably the most critical part of the Collapse OS project because it ensures its self-reproduction.

Invocation

zasm is invoked with 2 mandatory arguments and an optional one. The mandatory arguments are input blockdev id and output blockdev id. For example, zasm 0 1 reads source code from blockdev 0, assembles it and spit the result in blockdev 1.

Input blockdev needs to be seek-able, output blockdev doesn't need to (zasm writes in one pass, sequentially.

The 3rd argument, optional, is the initial .org value. It's the high byte of the value. For example, zasm 0 1 4f assembles source in blockdev 0 as if it started with the line .org 0x4f00. This also means that the initial value of the @ symbol is 0x4f00.

Running on a "modern" machine

To be able to develop zasm efficiently, libz80 is used to run zasm on a modern machine. The code lives in emul and ran be built with make, provided that you have a copy libz80 living in emul/libz80.

The resulting zasm binary takes asm code in stdin and spits binary in stdout.

Literals

See "Number literals" in apps/README.md.

On top of common literal logic, zasm also has string literals. It's a chain of characters surrounded by double quotes. Example: "foo". This literal can only be used in the .db directive and is equivalent to each character being single-quoted and separated by commas ('f', 'o', 'o'). No null char is inserted in the resulting value (unlike what C does).

Labels

Lines starting with a name followed : are labeled. When that happens, the name of that label is associated with the binary offset of the following instruction.

For example, a label placed at the beginning of the file is associated with offset 0. If placed right after a first instruction that is 2 bytes wide, then the label is going to be bound to 2.

Those labels can then be referenced wherever a constant is expected. They can also be referenced where a relative reference is expected (jr and djnz).

Labels can be forward-referenced, that is, you can reference a label that is defined later in the source file or in an included source file.

Labels starting with a dot (.) are local labels: they belong only to the namespace of the current "global label" (any label that isn't local). Local namespace is wiped whenever a global label is encountered.

Local labels allows reuse of common mnemonics and make the assembler use less memory.

Global labels are all evaluated during the first pass, which makes possible to forward-reference them. Local labels are evaluated during the second pass, but we can still forward-reference them through a "first-pass-redux" hack.

Labels can be alone on their line, but can also be "inlined", that is, directly followed by an instruction.

Constants

The .equ directive declares a constant. That constant's argument is an expression that is evaluated right at parse-time.

Constants are evaluated during the second pass, which means that they can forward-reference labels.

However, they cannot forward-reference other constants.

When defining a constant, if the symbol specified has already been defined, no error occur and the first value defined stays intact. This allows for "user override" of programs.

It's also important to note that constants always override labels, regardless of declaration order.

Expressions

See "Expressions" in apps/README.md.

The Program Counter

The $ is a special symbol that can be placed in any expression and evaluated as the current output offset. That is, it's the value that a label would have if it was placed there.

The Last Value

Whenever a .equ directive is evaluated, its resulting value is saved in a special "last value" register that can then be used in any expression. This last value is referenced with the @ special symbol. This is very useful for variable definitions and for jump tables.

Note that .org also affect the last value.

Includes

The .inc directive is special. It takes a string literal as an argument and opens, in the currently active filesystem, the file with the specified name.

It then proceeds to parse that file as if its content had been copy/pasted in the includer file, that is: global labels are kept and can be referenced elsewhere. Constants too. An exception is local labels: a local namespace always ends at the end of an included file.

There an important limitation with includes: only one level of includes is allowed. An included file cannot have an .inc directive.

Directives

.db: Write bytes specified by the directive directly in the resulting binary. Each byte is separated by a comma. Example: .db 0x42, foo

.dw: Same as .db, but outputs words. Example: .dw label1, label2

.equ: Binds a symbol named after the first parameter to the value of the expression written as the second parameter. Example: .equ foo 0x42+'A'. See "Constants" above.

.fill: Outputs the number of null bytes specified by its argument, an expression. Often used with $ to fill our binary up to a certain offset. For example, if we want to place an instruction exactly at byte 0x38, we would precede it with .fill 0x38-$.

The maximum value possible for .fill is 0xd000. We do this to avoid "overshoot" errors, that is, error where $ is greater than the offset you're trying to reach in an expression like .fill X-$ (such an expression overflows to 0xffff).

.org: Sets the Program Counter to the value of the argument, an expression. For example, a label being defined right after a .org 0x400, would have a value of 0x400. Does not do any filling. You have to do that explicitly with .fill, if needed. Often used to assemble binaries designed to run at offsets other than zero (userland).

.out: Outputs the value of the expression supplied as an argument to ZASM_DEBUG_PORT. The value is always interpreted as a word, so there's always two out instruction executed per directive. High byte is sent before low byte. Useful or debugging, quickly figuring our RAM constants, etc. The value is only outputted during the second pass.

.inc: Takes a string literal as an argument. Open the file name specified in the argument in the currently active filesystem, parse that file and output its binary content as is the code has been in the includer file.

.bin: Takes a string literal as an argument. Open the file name specified in the argument in the currently active filesystem and outputs its contents directly.

Undocumented instructions

zasm doesn't support undocumented instructions such as the ones that involve using IX and IY as 8-bit registers. We used to support them, but because this makes our code incompatible with Z80-compatible CPUs such as the Z180, we prefer to avoid these in our code.

AVR assembler

zasm can be configured, at compile time, to be a AVR assembler instead of a z80 assembler. Directives, literals, symbols, they're all the same, it's just instructions and their arguments that change.

Instructions and their arguments have a ayntax that is similar to other AVR assemblers: registers are referred to as rXX, mnemonics are the same, arguments are separated by commas.

To assemble an AVR assembler, use the gluea.asm file instead of the regular one.

Note about AVR and PC: In most assemblers, arithmetics for instructions addresses have words (two bytes) as their basic unit because AVR instructions are either 16bit in length or 32bit in length. All addresses constants in upcodes are in words. However, in zasm's core logic, PC is in bytes (because z80 upcodes can be 1 byte).

The AVR assembler, of course, correctly translates byte PCs to words when writing upcodes, however, when you write your expressions, you need to remember to treat with bytes. For example, in a traditional AVR assembler, jumping to the instruction after the "foo" label would be "rjmp foo+1". In zasm, it's "rjmp foo+2". If your expression results in an odd number, the low bit of your number will be ignored.

Limitations:

• CALL and JMP only support 16-bit numbers, not 22-bit ones.
• BRLO and BRSH are not there. Use BRCS and BRCC instead.
• No high() and low(). Use &0xff and }8.