collapseos/apps/basic

basic

Work in progress, not finished.

This is a BASIC interpreter which is being written from scratch for Collapse OS. There are many existing z80 implementations around, some of them open source and most of them good and efficient, but because a lot of that code overlaps with code that has already been written for zasm, I believe that it's better to reuse those bits of code.

Integrating an existing BASIC to Collapse OS seemed a bigger challenge than writing from scratch, so here I am, writing from scratch again...

Design goal

The reason for including a BASIC dialect in Collapse OS is to supply some form of system administration swiss knife. zasm, ed and the shell can do theoretically anything, but some tasks (which are difficult to predict) can possibly be overly tedious. One can think, for example, about hardware debugging. Poking and peeking around when not sure what we're looking for can be a lot more effective with the help of variables, conditions and for-loops in an interpreter.

Because the goal is not to provide a foundation for complex programs, I'm planning on intentionally crippling this BASIC dialect for the sake of simplicity.

The idea here is that the system administrator would build herself many little tools in assembler and BASIC would be the interactive glue to those tools.

If you find yourself writing complex programs in Collapse OS BASIC, you're on a wrong path. Back off, that program should be in assembler.

Glueing

The glue.asm file in this folder represents the minimal basic system. There are additional modules that can be added that aren't added by default, such as fs.asm because they require kernel options that might not be available.

To include these modules, you'll need to write your own glue file and to hook extra commands through BAS_FINDHOOK. Look for examples in tools/emul and in recipes.

Usage

Upon launch, a prompt is presented, waiting for a command. There are two types of command invocation: direct and numbered.

A direct command is executed immediately. Example: print 42 will print 42 immediately.

A numbered command is added to BASIC's code listing at the specified line number. For example, 10 print 42 will set line 10 to the string print 42.

Code listing can be printed with list and can be ran with run. The listing is kept in order of lines. Line number don't need to be sequential. You can keep leeway in between your lines and then insert a line with a middle number later.

Some commands take arguments. Those are given by typing a whitespace after the command name and then the argument. Additional arguments are given the same way, by typing a whitespace.

Numbers, expressions and variables

Numbers are stored in memory as 16-bit integers (little endian) and numbers being represented by BASIC are expressed as signed integers, in decimal form. Line numbers, however, are expressed and treated as unsigned integers: You can, if you want, put something on line "-1", but it will be the equivalent of line 65535. When expressing number literals, you can do so either in multiple forms. See "Number literals" in apps/README.md for details.

Expressions are accepted wherever a number is expected. For example, print 2+3 will print 5. See "Expressions" in apps/README.md.

Inside a if command, "truth" expressions are accepted (=, <, >, <=, >=). A thruth expression that doesn't contain a truth operator evaluates the number as-is: zero if false, nonzero is true.

There are 26 one-letter variables in BASIC which can be assigned a 16-bit integer to them. You assign a value to a variable with =. For example, a=42+4 will assign 46 to a (case insensitive). Those variables can then be used in expressions. For example, print a-6 will print 40. All variables are initialized to zero on launch.

Arguments

Some commands take arguments and there are some common patterns regarding them.

One of them is that all commands that "return" something (input, peek, etc.) always to so in variable A.

Another is that whenever a number is expected, expressions, including the ones with variables in it, work fine.

Commands

There are two types of commands: normal and direct-only. The latter can only be invoked in direct mode, not through a code listing.

bye: Direct-only. Quits BASIC

list: Direct-only. Prints all lines in the code listing, prefixing them with their associated line number.

run: Direct-only. Runs code from the listing, starting with the first one. If goto was previously called in direct mode, we start from that line instead.

clear: Direct-only. Clears the current code listing.

print: Prints the result of the specified expression, then CR/LF. Can be given multiple arguments. In that case, all arguments are printed separately with a space in between. For example, print 12 13 prints 12 13<cr><lf>

Unlike anywhere else, the print command can take a string inside a double quote. That string will be printed as-is. For example, print "foo" 40+2 will print foo 42.

goto: Make the next line to be executed the line number specified as an argument. Errors out if line doesn't exist. Argument can be an expression. If invoked in direct mode, run must be called to actually run the line (followed by the next, and so on).

if: If specified condition is true, execute the rest of the line. Otherwise, do nothing. For example, if 2>1 print 12 prints 12 and if 2<1 print 12 does nothing. The argument for this command is a "thruth expression".

input: Prompts the user for a numerical value and puts that value in A. The prompted value is evaluated as an expression and then stored. The command takes an optional string literal parameter. If present, that string will be printed before asking for input. Unlike a print call, there is no CR/LF after that print.

peek/deek: Put the value at specified memory address into A. peek is for a single byte, deek is for a word (little endian). For example, peek 42 puts the byte value contained in memory address 0x002a into variable A. deek 42 does the same as peek, but also puts the value of 0x002b into A's MSB.

poke/doke: Put the value of specified expression into specified memory address. For example, poke 42 0x102+0x40 puts 0x42 in memory address 0x2a (MSB is ignored) and doke 42 0x102+0x40 does the same as poke, but also puts 0x01 in memory address 0x2b.

in: Same thing as peek, but for a I/O port. in 42 generates an input I/O on port 42 and stores the byte result in A.

out: Same thing as poke, but for a I/O port. out 42 1+2 generates an output I/O on port 42 with value 3.

sleep: Sleep a number of "units" specified by the supplied expression. A "unit" depends on the CPU clock speed. At 4MHz, it is roughly 8 microseconds.

addr: This very handy returns (in A), the address you query for. You can query for two types of things: commands or special stuff.

If you query for a command, type the name of the command as an argument. The address of the associated routine will be returned.

Then, there's the special stuff. This is the list of things you can query for:

• $: the scratchpad.

Optional modules

As explained in "glueing" section abolve, this folder contains optional modules. Here's the documentation for them.

fs

fs.asm provides those commands:

fls: prints the list of files contained in the active filesystem.

ldbas: loads the content of the file specified in the argument (as an unquoted filename) and replace the current code listing with this contents. Any line not starting with a number is ignored (not an error).