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doc: take dictionary out of blkfs

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This commit is contained in:
Virgil Dupras 2020-08-16 08:19:35 -04:00
parent d03d93668f
commit fd69195799
29 changed files with 289 additions and 296 deletions
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2
blk/001
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
MASTER INDEX
30 Dictionary 100 Block editor
100 Block editor
120 Visual Editor 150 Extra words
200 Z80 assembler 260 Cross compilation
280 Z80 boot code 350 Core words

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Dictionary
List of words defined in Inner core (B390), Core words (B420)
and Extra words (B150).
31 Glossary 34 Symbols
37 Entry management 40 Defining words
42 Flow 46 Parameter stack
48 Return stack 50 Memory
52 Addressed devices 54 Arithmetic / Bits
56 Logic 58 Strings
60 I/O 64 Disk

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Glossary
Stack notation: "<stack before> -- <stack after>". Rightmost is
top of stack (TOS). For example, in "a b -- c d", b is TOS
before, d is TOS after. "R:" means that the Return Stack is
modified. "I:" prefix means "IMMEDIATE", that is, that this
stack transformation is made at compile time.
Word references (wordref): When we say we have a "word
reference", it's a pointer to a word's *code link*. For example,
the address that "' DUP" puts on the stack is a wordref, that
is, a reference to the code link of the word DUP.
PF: Parameter field. The area following the code link of a
word. For example, "' H@ 1+" points to the PF of the word H@.
(cont.)

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Atom: A word of the type compiledWord contains, in its PF, a
list of what we call "atoms". Those atoms are most of the time
word references, but they can also be references to NUMBER and
LIT.
Words between "()" are "support words" that aren't really meant
to be used directly, but as part of another word.
"*I*" in description indicates an IMMEDIATE word.

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Symbols
Throughout words, different symbols are used in different
contexts, but we try to been consistent in their use. Here's
their definitions:
! - Store
@ - Fetch
$ - Initialize
^ - Arguments in their opposite order
< - Input
> - 1. Pointer in a buffer 2. Opposite of "<".
( - Lower boundary
) - Upper boundary
* - Word indirection (pointer to word)
(cont.)

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(cont.)
~ - Container for native code. Usually not an executable word.
? - Is it ...? (example: IMMED?)

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Entry management
'? x -- a f Find x it in dict. If found, f=1 and
a = wordref. If not found, f=0 and
a = string addr.
' x -- a Push addr of word x to a. If not found,
aborts.
['] x -- *I* Like "'", but spits the addr as a number
literal. If not found, aborts.
, n -- Write n in HERE and advance it.
ALLOT n -- Move HERE by n bytes
C, b -- Write byte b in HERE and advance it.
FIND w -- a f Like '?, but for w.
EMPTY -- Rewind HERE and CURRENT where they were at
system initialization.
(cont.)

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(cont.)
FORGET x -- Rewind the dictionary (both CURRENT and HERE)
up to x's previous entry.
PREV a -- a Return a wordref's previous entry.
WORD( a -- a Get wordref's beginning addr.

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Defining words
: x ... -- Define a new word
; R:I -- Exit a colon definition
CREATE x -- Create cell named x. Doesn't allocate a PF.
[COMPILE] x -- Compile word x and write it to HERE.
IMMEDIATE words are *not* executed.
COMPILE x -- Meta compiles. See B6.
CONSTANT x n -- Creates cell x that when called pushes its
value.
DOES> -- See B17.
IMMED? a -- f Checks whether wordref at a is immediate.
IMMEDIATE -- Flag the latest defined word as immediate.
LITN n -- Write number n as a literal.
VARIABLE c -- Creates cell x with 2 bytes allocation.

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Flow
Note that flow words can only be used in definitions. In the
INTERPRET loop, they don't have the desired effect because each
word from the input stream is executed immediately. In this
context, branching doesn't work.
f IF A ELSE B THEN: if f is true, execute A, if false, execute
B. ELSE is optional.
[IF] .. [THEN]: Meta-IF. Works outside definitions. No [ELSE].
BEGIN .. f UNTIL: if f is false, branch to BEGIN.
BEGIN .. AGAIN: Always branch to BEGIN.
x y DO .. LOOP: LOOP increments y. if y != x, branch to DO.
(cont.)

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x CASE y OF A ENDOF z OF B ENDOF C ENDCASE: If x == y, execute
A, if x == z, execute B. Otherwise, execute C. x is dropped
in case of an OF match, *but it is kept if it reaches C*. You
have to consume it to avoid PSP leak.
(br) -- Branches by the number specified in the 2
following bytes. Can be negative.
(?br) f -- Branch if f is false.
( -- *I* Comment. Ignore input until ")" is read.
[ -- Begin interpretative mode. In a definition,
execute words instead of compiling them.
] -- End interpretative mode.
ABORT -- Resets PS and RS and returns to interpreter.
ABORT" x" -- *I* Compiles a ." followed by a ABORT.
ERR a -- Prints a and ABORT. Defined early and used by
drivers. (cont.)

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EXECUTE a -- Execute wordref at addr a
INTERPRET -- Get a line from stdin, compile it in tmp memory,
then execute the compiled contents.
LEAVE -- In a DO..LOOP, exit at the next LOOP call.
QUIT -- Return to interpreter prompt immediately

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Parameter Stack
DROP a --
DUP a -- a a
?DUP DUP if a is nonzero
NIP a b -- b
OVER a b -- a b a
ROT a b c -- b c a
SWAP a b -- b a
TUCK a b -- b a b
2DROP a a --
2DUP a b -- a b a b
2OVER a b c d -- a b c d a b
2SWAP a b c d -- c d a b
'S Returns current stack pointer, not counting the
push it's making right now. (cont.)

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S0 Returns address of PSP TOS. When PSP is empty,
'S == S0
PICK Pick nth item from stack. "0 PICK" = DUP,
"1 PICK" = OVER.
ROLL Rotate PSP over n items. "1 ROLL" = SWAP,
"2 ROLL" = ROT. 0 is noop.

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Return Stack
>R n -- R:n Pops PS and push to RS
2>R x y -- R:x y Equivalent to SWAP >R >R
R> R:n -- n Pops RS and push to PS
2R> R:x y -- x y Equivalent to R> R> SWAP
I -- n Copy RS TOS to PS
I' -- n Copy RS second item to PS
J -- n Copy RS third item to PS

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Memory
@ a -- n Set n to value at address a
! n a -- Store n in address a
? a -- Print value of addr a
+! n a -- Increase value of addr a by n
BIT@ b a -- f Get bit b from addr a.
BIT! f b a -- Set bit b to f in addr a.
C@ a -- c Set c to byte at address a
C@+ a -- a+1 c Fetch c from a and inc a.
C@- a -- a-1 c Fetch c from a and dec a.
C! c a -- Store byte c in address a
C!+ c a -- a+1 Store byte c in a and inc a.
C!- c a -- a-1 Store byte c in a and dec a.
CURRENT -- a Set a to wordref of last added entry.
(cont.)

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CURRENT* -- a A pointer to active CURRENT*. Useful
when we have multiple active dicts.
FILL a n b -- Fill n bytes at addr a with val b.
HERE -- a Push HERE's address
H@ -- a HERE @
MOVE a1 a2 u -- Copy u bytes from a1 to a2, starting
with a1, going up.
MOVE- a1 a2 u -- Copy u bytes from a1 to a2, starting
with a1+u, going down.
MOVE, a u -- Copy u bytes from a to HERE.

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Addressed devices
See B14 for details.
ADEV$ -- Initialize adev subsystem
A@ a -- c Indirect C@
A! c a -- Indirect C!
A@* -- a Address for A@ word
A!* -- a Address for A! word
AMOVE src dst u -- Same as MOVE, but with A@ and A!

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Arithmetic / Bits
+ a b -- c a + b -> c
- a b -- c a - b -> c
-^ a b -- c b - a -> c
* a b -- c a * b -> c
/ a b -- c a / b -> c
MOD a b -- c a % b -> c
/MOD a b -- r q r:remainder q:quotient
AND a b -- c a & b -> c
OR a b -- c a | b -> c
XOR a b -- c a ^ b -> c
LSHIFT a u -- c a << u -> c
RSHIFT a u -- c a >> u -> c
Shortcuts: 1+ 2+ 1- 2-

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Logic
= n1 n2 -- f Push true if n1 == n2
< n1 n2 -- f Push true if n1 < n2
> n1 n2 -- f Push true if n1 > n2
>< n l h -- f Push true if l < n < h
=><= n l h -- f Push true if l <= n <= h
CMP n1 n2 -- n Compare n1 and n2 and set n to -1, 0, or 1.
n=0: a1=a2. n=1: a1>a2. n=-1: a1<a2.
MIN a b -- n Returns the lowest of a and b
MAX a b -- n Returns the highest of a and b
NOT f -- f Push the logical opposite of f

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Strings
LIT -- Write a LIT entry. You're expected to write
actual string to HERE right afterwards.
LIT< x -- Read following word and write to HERE as a
string literal.
S= a1 a2 -- f Returns whether string a1 == a2.

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I/O
(parse) a -- n Parses string at a as a number and push the
result in n as well as whether parsing was a
success in f (false = failure, true =
success)
(print) a -- Print string at addr a. Stops at 0x0 or 0xd.
. n -- Print n in its decimal form
.x n -- Print n's LSB in hex form. Always 2
characters.
.X n -- Print n in hex form. Always 4 characters.
Numbers are never considered negative.
"-1 .X" --> ffff
(cont.)

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," xxx" -- Write xxx to HERE
." xxx" -- *I* Compiles string literal xxx followed by a
call to (print).
C<? -- f Returns whether there's a char waiting in buf.
C< -- c Read one char from buffered input.
DUMP n a -- Prints n bytes at addr a in a hexdump format.
Prints in chunks of 8 bytes. Doesn't do partial
lines. Output is designed to fit in 32 columns.
EMIT c -- Spit char c to output stream
IN> -- a Address of variable containing current pos in
input buffer.
KEY -- c Get char c from direct input
PC! c a -- Spit c to port a
PC@ a -- c Fetch c from port a
(cont.)

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WORD -- a Read one word from buffered input and push its
addr. Always null terminated. If ASCII EOT is
encountered, a will point to it (it is cons-
idered a word).
There are also ascii const emitters:
BS CR LF SPC CRLF
NL is an indirect word (see B80) that aliases to CRLF by
default and that should generally be used when we want to emit
a newline.

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Disk
BLK> -- a Address of the current block variable.
BLK( -- a Beginning addr of blk buf.
BLK) -- a Ending addr of blk buf.
COPY s d -- Copy contents of s block to d block.
FLUSH -- Write current block to disk if dirty.
FREEBLKS? a b -- List free blocks between blocks a and b.
LIST n -- Prints the contents of the block n on screen
in the form of 16 lines of 64 columns.
LOAD n -- Interprets Forth code from block n
LOAD+ n -- Relative load. Loads active block + n.
LOADR n1 n2 -- Load block range between n1 and n2, inclusive.
LOADR+ n1 n2 -- Relative ranged load.
WIPE -- Empties current block
WIPED? -- f Whether current block is empty

3
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@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ disk blocks access running. The goal here is to minimize the
binary size of a minimum Collapse OS install.
Extra words are words you will most likely want because they
are generally useful. They are so useful that they are part
of the Dictionary (B30).
are generally useful.
Some programs need them, so they will automatically LOAD them.
Because more than one program can use the same extra words,

2
cvm/vm.c
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@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ static void pushRS(word val) {
}
// The functions below directly map to native forth words defined in the
// dictionary (B30)
// dictionary (doc/dict.txt)
static void execute(word wordref) {
byte wtype = vm.mem[wordref];
if (wtype == 0) { // native

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doc/dict.txt Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
# Dictionary
List of words defined in Inner core (B390), Core words (B420)
and Extra words (B150).
# Glossary
Stack notation: "<stack before> -- <stack after>". Rightmost is
top of stack (TOS). For example, in "a b -- c d", b is TOS
before, d is TOS after. "R:" means that the Return Stack is
modified. "I:" prefix means "IMMEDIATE", that is, that this
stack transformation is made at compile time.
Word references (wordref): When we say we have a "word
reference", it's a pointer to a word's *code link*. For example,
the address that "' DUP" puts on the stack is a wordref, that
is, a reference to the code link of the word DUP.
PF: Parameter field. The area following the code link of a
word. For example, "' H@ 1+" points to the PF of the word H@.
Atom: A word of the type compiledWord contains, in its PF, a
list of what we call "atoms". Those atoms are most of the time
word references, but they can also be references to NUMBER and
LIT.
Words between "()" are "support words" that aren't really meant
to be used directly, but as part of another word.
"*I*" in description indicates an IMMEDIATE word.
# Symbols
Throughout words, different symbols are used in different
contexts, but we try to been consistent in their use. Here's
their definitions:
! - Store
@ - Fetch
$ - Initialize
^ - Arguments in their opposite order
< - Input
> - 1. Pointer in a buffer 2. Opposite of "<".
( - Lower boundary
) - Upper boundary
* - Word indirection (pointer to word)
? - Is it ...? (example: IMMED?)
# Entry management
'? x -- a f Find x it in dict. If found, f=1 and
a = wordref. If not found, f=0 and
a = string addr.
' x -- a Push addr of word x to a. If not found,
aborts.
['] x -- *I* Like "'", but spits the addr as a number
literal. If not found, aborts.
, n -- Write n in HERE and advance it.
ALLOT n -- Move HERE by n bytes
C, b -- Write byte b in HERE and advance it.
FIND w -- a f Like '?, but for w.
EMPTY -- Rewind HERE and CURRENT where they were at
system initialization.
FORGET x -- Rewind the dictionary (both CURRENT and HERE)
up to x's previous entry.
PREV a -- a Return a wordref's previous entry.
WORD( a -- a Get wordref's beginning addr.
# Defining words
: x ... -- Define a new word
; R:I -- Exit a colon definition
CREATE x -- Create cell named x. Doesn't allocate a PF.
[COMPILE] x -- Compile word x and write it to HERE.
IMMEDIATE words are *not* executed.
COMPILE x -- Meta compiles. See B6.
CONSTANT x n -- Creates cell x that when called pushes its
value.
DOES> -- See primer.txt
IMMED? a -- f Checks whether wordref at a is immediate.
IMMEDIATE -- Flag the latest defined word as immediate.
LITN n -- Write number n as a literal.
VARIABLE c -- Creates cell x with 2 bytes allocation.
# Flow
Note that flow words can only be used in definitions. In the
INTERPRET loop, they don't have the desired effect because each
word from the input stream is executed immediately. In this
context, branching doesn't work.
f IF A ELSE B THEN: if f is true, execute A, if false, execute
B. ELSE is optional.
[IF] .. [THEN]: Meta-IF. Works outside definitions. No [ELSE].
BEGIN .. f UNTIL: if f is false, branch to BEGIN.
BEGIN .. AGAIN: Always branch to BEGIN.
x y DO .. LOOP: LOOP increments y. if y != x, branch to DO.
x CASE y OF A ENDOF z OF B ENDOF C ENDCASE: If x == y, execute
A, if x == z, execute B. Otherwise, execute C. x is dropped
in case of an OF match, *but it is kept if it reaches C*. You
have to consume it to avoid PSP leak.
(br) -- Branches by the number specified in the 2
following bytes. Can be negative.
(?br) f -- Branch if f is false.
( -- *I* Comment. Ignore input until ")" is read.
[ -- Begin interpretative mode. In a definition,
execute words instead of compiling them.
] -- End interpretative mode.
ABORT -- Resets PS and RS and returns to interpreter.
ABORT" x" -- *I* Compiles a ." followed by a ABORT.
ERR a -- Prints a and ABORT. Defined early and used by
drivers.
EXECUTE a -- Execute wordref at addr a
INTERPRET -- Get a line from stdin, compile it in tmp memory,
then execute the compiled contents.
LEAVE -- In a DO..LOOP, exit at the next LOOP call.
QUIT -- Return to interpreter prompt immediately
# Parameter Stack
DROP a --
DUP a -- a a
?DUP DUP if a is nonzero
NIP a b -- b
OVER a b -- a b a
ROT a b c -- b c a
SWAP a b -- b a
TUCK a b -- b a b
2DROP a a --
2DUP a b -- a b a b
2OVER a b c d -- a b c d a b
2SWAP a b c d -- c d a b
'S Returns current stack pointer, not counting the
push it's making right now.
S0 Returns address of PSP TOS. When PSP is empty,
'S == S0
PICK Pick nth item from stack. "0 PICK" = DUP,
"1 PICK" = OVER.
ROLL Rotate PSP over n items. "1 ROLL" = SWAP,
"2 ROLL" = ROT. 0 is noop.
# Return Stack
>R n -- R:n Pops PS and push to RS
2>R x y -- R:x y Equivalent to SWAP >R >R
R> R:n -- n Pops RS and push to PS
2R> R:x y -- x y Equivalent to R> R> SWAP
I -- n Copy RS TOS to PS
I' -- n Copy RS second item to PS
J -- n Copy RS third item to PS
# Memory
@ a -- n Set n to value at address a
! n a -- Store n in address a
? a -- Print value of addr a
+! n a -- Increase value of addr a by n
BIT@ b a -- f Get bit b from addr a.
BIT! f b a -- Set bit b to f in addr a.
C@ a -- c Set c to byte at address a
C@+ a -- a+1 c Fetch c from a and inc a.
C@- a -- a-1 c Fetch c from a and dec a.
C! c a -- Store byte c in address a
C!+ c a -- a+1 Store byte c in a and inc a.
C!- c a -- a-1 Store byte c in a and dec a.
CURRENT -- a Set a to wordref of last added entry.
CURRENT* -- a A pointer to active CURRENT*. Useful
when we have multiple active dicts.
FILL a n b -- Fill n bytes at addr a with val b.
HERE -- a Push HERE's address
H@ -- a HERE @
MOVE a1 a2 u -- Copy u bytes from a1 to a2, starting
with a1, going up.
MOVE- a1 a2 u -- Copy u bytes from a1 to a2, starting
with a1+u, going down.
MOVE, a u -- Copy u bytes from a to HERE.
# Addressed devices
ADEV$ -- Initialize adev subsystem
A@ a -- c Indirect C@
A! c a -- Indirect C!
A@* -- a Address for A@ word
A!* -- a Address for A! word
AMOVE src dst u -- Same as MOVE, but with A@ and A!
# Arithmetic / Bits
+ a b -- c a + b -> c
- a b -- c a - b -> c
-^ a b -- c b - a -> c
* a b -- c a * b -> c
/ a b -- c a / b -> c
MOD a b -- c a % b -> c
/MOD a b -- r q r:remainder q:quotient
AND a b -- c a & b -> c
OR a b -- c a | b -> c
XOR a b -- c a ^ b -> c
LSHIFT a u -- c a << u -> c
RSHIFT a u -- c a >> u -> c
Shortcuts: 1+ 2+ 1- 2-
# Logic
= n1 n2 -- f Push true if n1 == n2
< n1 n2 -- f Push true if n1 < n2
> n1 n2 -- f Push true if n1 > n2
>< n l h -- f Push true if l < n < h
=><= n l h -- f Push true if l <= n <= h
CMP n1 n2 -- n Compare n1 and n2 and set n to -1, 0, or 1.
n=0: a1=a2. n=1: a1>a2. n=-1: a1<a2.
MIN a b -- n Returns the lowest of a and b
MAX a b -- n Returns the highest of a and b
NOT f -- f Push the logical opposite of f
# Strings
LIT -- Write a LIT entry. You're expected to write
actual string to HERE right afterwards.
LIT< x -- Read following word and write to HERE as a
string literal.
S= a1 a2 -- f Returns whether string a1 == a2.
# I/O
(parse) a -- n Parses string at a as a number and push the
result in n as well as whether parsing was a
success in f (false = failure, true =
success)
(print) a -- Print string at addr a. Stops at 0x0 or 0xd.
. n -- Print n in its decimal form
.x n -- Print n's LSB in hex form. Always 2
characters.
.X n -- Print n in hex form. Always 4 characters.
Numbers are never considered negative.
"-1 .X" --> ffff
," xxx" -- Write xxx to HERE
." xxx" -- *I* Compiles string literal xxx followed by a
call to (print).
C<? -- f Returns whether there's a char waiting in buf.
C< -- c Read one char from buffered input.
DUMP n a -- Prints n bytes at addr a in a hexdump format.
Prints in chunks of 8 bytes. Doesn't do partial
lines. Output is designed to fit in 32 columns.
EMIT c -- Spit char c to output stream
IN> -- a Address of variable containing current pos in
input buffer.
KEY -- c Get char c from direct input
PC! c a -- Spit c to port a
PC@ a -- c Fetch c from port a
WORD -- a Read one word from buffered input and push its
addr. Always null terminated. If ASCII EOT is
encountered, a will point to it (it is cons-
idered a word).
There are also ascii const emitters:
BS CR LF SPC CRLF
NL is an indirect word (see SYSVARS in impl.txt) that aliases to
CRLF by default and that should generally be used when we want
to emit a newline.
# Disk
BLK> -- a Address of the current block variable.
BLK( -- a Beginning addr of blk buf.
BLK) -- a Ending addr of blk buf.
COPY s d -- Copy contents of s block to d block.
FLUSH -- Write current block to disk if dirty.
FREEBLKS? a b -- List free blocks between blocks a and b.
LIST n -- Prints the contents of the block n on screen
in the form of 16 lines of 64 columns.
LOAD n -- Interprets Forth code from block n
LOAD+ n -- Relative load. Loads active block + n.
LOADR n1 n2 -- Load block range between n1 and n2, inclusive.
LOADR+ n1 n2 -- Relative ranged load.
WIPE -- Empties current block
WIPED? -- f Whether current block is empty

9
doc/primer.txt
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@ -51,8 +51,9 @@ words (if your system has glyphs for them).
# Dictionary
Forth's dictionary link words to code. On boot, this dictionary
contains the system's words (look in B30 for a list of them),
but you can define new words with the ":" word. For example:
contains the system's words (look in dict.txt for a list of
them), but you can define new words with the ":" word. For
example:
: FOO 42 . ;
@ -245,5 +246,5 @@ their "power" come from the fact that they're immediate.
Starting Forth by Leo Brodie explain all of this in details.
Read this if you can. If you can't, well, let this sink in for
a while, browse the dictionary (B30) and try to understand why
this or that word is immediate. Good luck!
a while, browse the dictionary (dict.txt) and try to understand
why this or that word is immediate. Good luck!