# TRS-80 Model 4p

The TRS-80 (models 1, 3 and 4) are among the most popular z80
machines. They're very nicely designed and I got my hands on a
4p with two floppy disk drives and a RS-232 port. In this
recipe, we're going to get Collapse OS running on it.

# Not entirely standalone

Collapse OS uses the TRS-80 drivers rather than its own. On most
TRS-80 models, those drivers are on ROM, but in the case of the
4P model, those drivers are on the TRSDOS disk (well, from what
I understand, not all of it, but still, a big part of it).

It would be preferable to develop drivers from scratch, but it
represents a significant effort for a modest payout (because
it's only actually useful when you want to use a 4P model that
has no TRSDOS disk).

Maybe those drivers will be developed later, but it's not a
priority for now.

# Floppy or RS-232?

There are many ways to get Collapse OS to run on it. One would
involve writing it to a floppy. I bought myself old floppy
drives for that purpose, but I happen to not have any functional
computer with a floppy port on it. I still have the motherboard
of my old pentium, but I don't seem to have a video card for it
any more.

Because my 4p has a RS-232 port and because I have equipment to
do serial communication from modern machines (I didn't have a
DB-9 to DB-25 adapter though, I had to buy one), I chose that
route.

# Gathering parts

* A TRS-80 model 4p with a RS-232 port
* A TRSDOS 6.x disk
* A means to do serial communication. In my case, that meant:
    * A USB-to-serial device
    * A null modem cable
    * A DB-9 gender changer
    * A DB-9 to DB-25 adapter

# Overview

We need to send sizeable binary programs through the RS-232 port
and then run it. The big challenge here is ensuring data
integrity. Sure, serial communication has parity check, but it
has no helpful way of dealing with parity errors. When parity
check is enabled and that a parity error occurs, the byte is
simply dropped on the receiving side. Also, a double bit error
could be missed by those checks.

What we'll do here is to ping back every received byte back and
have the sender do the comparison and report mismatched data.

Another problem is ASCII control characters. When those are sent
across serial communication channels, all hell breaks lose. When
sending binary data, those characters have to be avoided. We use
tools/ttysafe for that.

Does TRSDOS have a way to receive this binary inside these
constraints? Not to my knowledge. As far as I know, the COMM
program doesn't allow this.

What are we going to do? We're going to punch in a binary
program to handle that kind of reception! You're gonna feel real
badass about it too...

# Keyboard cheatcheet

The TRS-80 4P keyboard doesn't show all available characters.
When you hold CLEAR, you can do:

_ --> ENTER
[] --> <>
^ --> ;
\ --> /

# Building the binary

You can build the binary to send to the TRS-80 with "make" in
/arch/z80/trs80, which will yield
"os.bin". You'll need it later.

# Testing serial communication

The first step here is ensuring that you have bi-directional
serial communication. To do this, first prepare your TRS-80:

    set *cl to com
    setcomm (word=8,parity=no)

The first line loads the communication driver from the COM/DRV
file on the TRSDOS disk and binds it to *cl, the name generally
used for serial communication devices. The second line sets
communication parameters in line with what is generally the
default on modern machine. Note that I left the default of 300
bauds as-is.

Then, you can run "COMM *cl" to start a serial communication
console.

Then, on the modern side, use your favorite serial communication
program and set the tty to 300 baud with option "raw". Make sure
you have -parenb.

If your line is good, then what you type on either side should
echo on the other side. If it does not, something's wrong.
Debug.

# Punching in the goodie

As stated in the overview, we need a program on the TRS-80 that:

1. Listens to *cl
2. Echoes each character back to *cl
3. Adjusts ttysafe escapes
4. Stores received bytes in memory

You're in luck: that program has already been written. It's in
B612 and B613 in /arch/z80/trs80/blk. By running "make" earlier,
you have, in your current folder, a blkfs that contains those
blocks. To have a forth running on it, you could overwrite
/cvm/blkfs and run /cvm/forth. You can then compile it with:

    5 LOAD ( z80 assembler )
    0x0238 CONSTANT COM_DRV_ADDR
    0x3000 CONSTANT DEST_ADDR
    612 LOAD
    613 LOAD

Then, you can use "DUMP" to visualize the data you'll need to
punch in:

    H@ ORG @ - ORG @ DUMP

It can run from any offset (all jumps in it are relative), but
writes to DEST_ADDR. Make sure you don't place it in a way to be
overwritten by its received data.

Wondering what is that COM_DRV_ADDR constant? That's the DCB
handle of your *cl device. You will need to get that address
before you continue. Go read the following section and come back
here.

How will you punch that in? The "debug" program! This very
useful piece of software is supplied in TRSDOS. To invoke it,
first run "debug (on)" and then press the BREAK key. You'll get
the debug interface which allows you to punch in any data in any
memory address. Let's use 0x5000 which is the offset it's
designed for.

For reference: to go back to the TRSDOS prompt, it's
"o<return>".

First, display the 0x5000-0x503f range with the d5000<space>
command (I always press Enter by mistake, but it's space you
need to press). Then, you can begin punching in with
h5000<space>. This will bring up a visual indicator of the
address being edited. Punch in the stuff with a space in between
each byte and end the edit session with "x".

# Getting your DCB address

In the previous step, you need to set COM_DRV_ADDR to your "DCB"
address for *cl. That address is your driver "handle". To get
it, first get the address where the driver is loaded in memory.
You can get this by running "device (b=y)". That address you see
next to *cl? that's it. But that's not our DCB. 

To get your DBC, go explore that memory area. Right after the
part where there's the *cl string, there's the DCB address
(little endian). On my setup, the driver was loaded in 0x0ff4
and the DCB address was 8 bytes after that, with a value of
0x0238. Don't forget that z80 is little endian. 38 will come
before 02.

# Saving that program for later

If you want to save yourself typing for later sessions, why not
save the program you've painfully typed to disk? TRSDOS enables
that easily. Let's say that you typed your program at 0x5000 and
that you want to save it to RECV/CMD on your second floppy
drive, you'd do:

    dump recv/cmd:1 (start=x'5000',end=x'5030',tra='5000')

A memory range dumped this way will be re-loaded at the same
offset through "load recv/cmd:1". Even better, TRA indicates
when to jump after load when using the RUN command. Therefore,
you can avoid all this work above in later sessions by simply
typing "recv" in the DOS prompt.

Note that you might want to turn "debug" off for these commands
to run. I'm not sure why, but when the debugger is on, launching
the command triggers the debugger.

# Sending binary through the RS-232 port

Once you're finished punching your program in memory, you can
run it with g5000<enter> (not space). If you've saved it to
disk, run "recv" instead.  Because it's an infinite loop, your
screen will freeze. You can start sending your data.

To that end, there's the tools/pingpong program. It takes a
device and a filename to send. Before you send the binary, make
it go through tools/ttysafe first (which just takes input from
stdin and spits tty-safe content to stdout):

    ./ttysafe < stage1.bin > stage1.ttysafe

On OpenBSD, the invocation can look like:

    doas ./pingpong /dev/ttyU0 os.ttysafe

You will be prompted for a key before the contents is sent. This
is because on OpenBSD, TTY configuration is lost as soon as the
TTY is closed, which means that you can't just run stty before
running pingpong. So, what you'll do is, before you press your
key, run "doas stty -f /dev/ttyU0 300 raw" and then press any
key on the pingpong invocation.

If everything goes well, the program will send your contents,
verifying every byte echoed back, and then send a null char to
indicate to the receiving end that it's finished sending. This
will end the infinite loop on the TRS-80 side and return. That
should bring you back to a refreshed debug display and you
should see your sent content in memory, at the specified address
(0x3000 if you didn't change it).

If there was no error during pingpong, the content should be
exact. Nevertheless, I recommend that you manually validate a
few bytes using TRSDOS debugger before carrying on.

*debugging tip*: Sometimes, the communication channel can be a
bit stubborn and always fail, as if some leftover data was
consistently blocking the channel. It would cause a data
mismatch at the very beginning of the process, all the time.
What I do in these cases is start a "COMM *cl" session on one
side and a screen session on the other, type a few characters,
and try pingpong again.

# Saving to disk

If everything went well, you could run Collapse OS with
g3000<return>.  But instead of doing that, why not save it to
disk?

    dump cos/cmd:1 (start=x'5000',end=x'7000',tra='5000')

And there we go! A Collapse OS launchable from floppy!

# Sending blkfs to floppy

As it is, your system fully supports reading and writing to
floppy drive 1. It also had CL< to read a char from its RS-232
port and CL> to emit to it.

That's all you need to have a full Collapse OS with access to
disk blocks.

First, make sure your floppies are formatted. Collapse OS is
currently hardcoded to single side and single density, which
means there's a limit of 100 blocks per disk.

You'll need to send those blocks through RS-232. First, let's
initialize the driver with CL$. This driver does not require
the TRS-DOS driver to be loaded. Also, it is hardcoded to
"no parity, 8 bit words, 9600 bauds". Now, let's have the CL
take over the prompt:

    ' CL> ' EMIT **!
    ' CL< ' KEY **!

See "Aliases" in usage.txt for details. Your serial link now has
the prompt. You will also have to make your newlines CRLF. The
TRS-80 wants CR only, but serial communications (and blkup)
expect CRLF:

    ' CRLF ' NL **!

Now, you can use /tools/blkup to send a disk's contents. First,
extract the first 100 blocks from blkfs:

    dd if=emul/blkfs bs=1024 count=100 > d1

Now, insert your formatted disk in drive 1 and push your blocks:

    tools/blkup /dev/ttyUSB0 0 d1

It takes a while, but you will end up having your first 100
blocks on floppy!  Go ahead, LIST around. Then, repeat for other
disks.

# Floppy organisation

Making blkfs span multiple disk is a bit problematic with
regards to absolute block references in the code. You'll need to
work a bit to design your very own Collapse OS floppy set. See
/doc/usage.txt for details.

# Coming back to keyboard

Once you're done, you will want to go back to local control:

    ' CR ' NL **!
    ' (emit) ' EMIT **!
    ' (key) ' KEY **!

# Self-hosting

As it is, your installment of Collapse OS is self-hosting using
instructions from /doc/selfhost.txt. The difference is that
instead of writing the binary you have in memory to EEPROM,
you'll quit to TRSDOS with BYE and use TRSDOS' DUMP utility to
save to disk like you already did before.
